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Hanno meno di trent'anni Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, nel 1848, quando scrivono il Manifesto del partito comunista: un pugno di pagine all'inizio senza fortuna, poi destinate a cambiare il mondo. Un testo che nel 1989, anno della crisi ufficiale del comunismo, risulta pubblicato in oltre duecento lingue e in mezzo miliardo di copie. Storia e lotta di classe, borghesia e proletariato, lavoro e libertà, proprietà privata e sfruttamento, partito e rivoluzione, capitalismo e comunismo: questi i nodi cruciali di un'idea di uomo, politica e società che ha segnato la carne viva del Novecento. E che oggi sembra scomparsa dalla faccia della Terra, lasciando campo libero a un capitalismo globale, privo di opposizione organizzata. Gli articoli di fede, rabbia e speranza scanditi nel Manifesto risultano così, insieme, fuori tempo massimo e più che mai attuali. Perché esortano a immaginare che il capitalismo possa ancora venire messo in questione, in un'epoca apparentemente senza alternative.
Karl Heinrich Marx FRSA (German: [ma?ks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)[13] was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political Manifesto del Partito Comunista publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 Manifesto del Partito Comunista pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history. His name has been used as an adjective, a noun and a school of social theory.
Marx's critical theories about society, economics and politics, collectively Manifesto del Partito Comunista understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop through class
conflict. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by Manifesto del Partito Comunista selling their labour power in return for wages.[14] Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socio-economic systems and that those would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of production. For Marx, Manifesto del Partito Comunista class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature, would eventuate the working class' development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers.[15] Marx actively pressed for its Manifesto del Partito Comunista implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic
emancipation.[16]
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and his work has been both lauded and criticised.[17] His work in economics laid the Manifesto del Partito Comunista basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital and subsequent economic thought.[18][19][20] Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects Manifesto del Partito Comunista of modern social science.[21][22]
Karl Heinrich Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx (1777–1838) and Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863). He was born at Brückengasse 664 in Trier, an ancient city then part of the Kingdom of Prussia's Province of the Lower Rhine.[23] Marx was ethnically but not religiously Manifesto del Partito Comunista Jewish. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch rabbi, while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.[24] His father, as
a child known as Herschel, was the first in the line to receive a secular education. He became a lawyer Manifesto del Partito Comunista with a comfortably upper middle class income and the family owned a number of Moselle vineyards, in addition to his income as an attorney. Prior to his son's birth and after the abrogation of Jewish emancipation in the Rhineland,[25] Herschel converted from Judaism to join the state Evangelical Church Manifesto del Partito Comunista of Prussia, taking on the German forename Heinrich over the Yiddish Herschel.[26]
Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the Enlightenment, interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Voltaire. A classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, which was then Manifesto del Partito Comunista an absolute monarchy.[29] In 1815, Heinrich Marx began working as an attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the Porta Nigra.[30] His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish woman from a prosperous business family
that later founded the company Philips Electronics. Her sister Sophie Manifesto del Partito Comunista Pressburg (1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of both Gerard and Anton Philips and great-grandmother to Frits Philips. Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in Manifesto del Partito Comunista London.[31]
Little is known of Marx's childhood.[32] The third of nine childre
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